Risk Factors for atheroscerosis in diabetes:

a) obesity, especially central obesity.

b) hypertension .

c) sedentary lifestyle.

d) LDL-C levels above 100 mg%.

e) HDL-C levels below 45%.

f) Serum triglycerides above 150 mg%.

g) Microalbuminuria, in those who are dipstick negative.

h) Use of tobacco in any form..

i) Family history of premature coronary artery disease (leading to death before 55 years of age.)

1) a comprehensive clinical history and examination for the presence of coronary heart disease, or cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease; this includes questions about previous angina. TIAs, intermittent claudication, established myocardial infarction etc.

2) family history for premature coronary artery disease.

3) A complete physical examination for cardiac function, presence or absence of peripheral pulses, presence of bruits, evidence of peripheral and / or cerebral ischemia.

4) Blood pressure recordings.

5) Height and weight (BMI) and waist-hip ratio

6) Lipid profile this profile should include, estimation of serum triglycerides, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and calculated LDL cholesterol although preferable to do in a fasting state, may be done with a random sample, and the values confirmed in the fasting stage, if abnormal.

7) Estimation for the presence of microalbuminuria in those who are dipstick (albustix) negative;

8) History of tobacco use.

9) Standard resting 12 lead ECG; sensitivity of the standard 12 lead resting ECG is moderate and cannot rule out the possibility of clinically significant disease.